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In economics, industrial organization is a field that builds on the theory of the firm by examining the structure of (and, therefore, the boundaries between) firms and markets. Industrial organization adds real-world complications to the perfectly competitive model, complications such as transaction costs,〔• R. H. Coase, 1937. "The Nature of the Firm", ''Economica'', N.S., 4(16), pp. (386–405 ). • _____, 1988. "The Nature of the Firm: Influence", ''Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization'', 4(1), pp. (33 )-47. Reprinted in ''The Nature of the Firm: Origins, Evolution, and Development'', 1993, O. E. Williamson and S, G. Winter, ed., pp. (61-74 ). • _____, 1991. "(The Institutional Structure of Production )", Nobel Lecture, reprinted in 1992, ''American Economic Review'', 82(4), pp. (713 )-719. • Oliver E. Williamson, 1981. "The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach", ''American Journal of Sociology'', 87(3), pp. (548-577 ). • _____, 2009. "(Transaction Cost Economics: The Natural Progression )", Nobel Lecture. Reprinted in 2010, ''American Economic Review'', 100(3), pp. 673–90.〕 limited information, and barriers to entry of new firms that may be associated with imperfect competition. It analyzes determinants of firm and market organization and behavior as between competition〔George J. Stigler, () 2008. "competition", ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract. )〕 and monopoly,〔• Luigi Zingales, 2008. "corporate governance", ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract. ) • Oliver E. Williamson, 2002. "The Theory of the Firm as Governance Structure: From Choice to Contract", ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'', 16(3), pp. (171-195. ) • Frederic M. Scherer and David Ross, 1990. ''Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance'', 3rd ed. (Description ) and 1st ed. review (extract ). • Dennis W. Carlton and Jeffrey M. Perloff, 2004. ''Modern Industrial Organization'', 4th edition, pp. 2-3. (Description. )〕 including from government actions. There are different approaches to the subject. One approach is descriptive in providing an overview of industrial organization, such as measures of competition and the size-concentration of firms in an industry. A second approach uses microeconomic models to explain internal firm organization and market strategy, which includes internal research and development along with issues of internal reorganization and renewal.〔• Frederic M. Scherer and David Ross, 1990. ''Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance'', 3rd ed. (Description ) and 1st ed. review (extract ). • Dennis W. Carlton and Jeffery M. Perloff, 2004. "Modern Industrial Organization, Overview", ch. 5, ''Handbook of Industrial Organization'', Elsevier, v. 1, pp. (259 )-327. • Carl Shapiro, 1989. "The Theory of Business Strategy", ''RAND Journal of Economics'', 20(1), pp. (125 )-137. • Kyle Bagwell and Asher Wolinsky (2002). "Game theory and Industrial Organization", ch. 49, ''Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications'', v. 3, pp. (1851 )-1895. • Martin Shubik, 1987. ''A Game-Theoretic Approach to Political Economy'', Part II. MIT Press. (Description ).〕 A third aspect is oriented to public policy as to economic regulation,〔Richard Schmalensee and Robert Willig, eds., 1989. ''Handbook of Industrial Organization'', Elsevier, v. 2, Part 5, Government Intervention in the Marketplace, ch. 22-26, abstract (links. )〕 antitrust law,〔• Richard A. Posner, 2001. ''Antitrust Law'', 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press. (Preview. ) • D. L. Rubinfeld, 2001. "Antitrust Policy", ''International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences'', pp. 553–560. (Abstract. ) 〕 and, more generally, the economic governance of law in defining property rights, enforcing contracts, and providing organizational infrastructure.〔• Avinash K. Dixit, 2008. "economic governance", ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract. ) • Oliver E. Williamson, 1996. ''The Mechanisms of Governance'', "Prologue", pp. (3- ) 20.〕〔• George J. Stigler, 1983. ''The Organization of Industry'', University of Chicago Press. Description and contents (links ) and (preview. ) • Richard Schmalensee, 1988. "Industrial Economics: An Overview", ''Economic Journal'', 98(392), pp. (643 )-681. Working paper (link ). • ''Handbook of Industrial Organization'', Elsevier: :Richard Schmalensee and Robert Willig, ed., 1989. v. 1. Links to (description & contents ) & (partial) chapter (outlines. ) : _____, ed., 1989. v. 2. Links to (description & contents ) and chapter (outlines. ) :Mark Armstrong and Robert Porter, ed., 2007. v. 3. Links to (description ), chapter-content (descriptions ), (chapter outlines ), and (preview. )〕 The subject has a theoretical side and a practical side. According to one textbook: "On one plane the field is abstract, a set of analytical concepts about competition and monopoly. On a second plane the topic is about real markets, teeming with the excitement and drama of struggles among real firms" (Shepherd, W.; 1985; 1). The extensive use of game theory in industrial economics has led to the export of this tool to other branches of microeconomics, such as behavioral economics and corporate finance. Industrial organization has also had significant practical impacts on antitrust law and competition policy. The development of industrial organization as a separate field owes much to Edward Chamberlin,〔• Edward Hastings Chamberlin, 1933. ''The Theory of Monopolistic Competition: A Re-orientation of the Theory of Value'', 1965, 8th ed. Harvard University Press. • R. Rothschild, 1987. "The Theory of Monopolistic Competition: E.H. Chamberlin's Influence on Industrial Organisation Theory over Sixty Years", ''Journal of Economic Studies'', 14(1), pp.34-54. (Abstract ). • William L. Baldwin, 2007. "Edward Hastings Chamberlin", in ''Pioneers of Industrial Organization'', H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed., pp. (199- ).〕 Edward S. Mason,〔Edward S. Mason, 1939. "Price and Production Policies of Large-Scale Enterprise", ''American Economic Review'', 29(1, Supplement), pp. (61 )-74. • _____, 1949. "The Current Status of the Monopoly Problem in the United States", 'Harvard Law Review'', 62(8), pp. (1265 )-1285. • _____, 1957. ''Economic Concentration and the Monopoly Problem'', Harvard University Press. Review (extract ). • William G. Shepherd, 2007. "Edward S. Mason", in ''Pioneers of Industrial Organization'', H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed.〕 J. M. Clark,〔J.M. Clark, 1940. (Toward a Concept of Workable Competition ). ''American Economic Review'', Vol. 30, No. 2, Part 1, Jun., pp. 241-256 • William L. Baldwin, 2007. "John Maurice Clark" in ''Pioneers of Industrial Organization'', H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed., pp. (183-186 ).〕 and particularly Joe S. Bain〔• Joe S. Bain, 1956. ''Barriers to New Competition: Their Character and Consequences in Manufacturing'', Harvard University Press. Review extracts ()(). • _____, 1959, 2nd ed., 1968. ''Industrial Organization: A Treatise'', John Wiley. • Richard E. Caves, 2007. "Joe S. Bain", in ''Pioneers of Industrial Organization'', H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed., pp. (224-231 ).〕 among others.〔E. T. Grether, 1970. "Industrial Organization: Past History and Future Problems", ''American Economic Review'', 60(2), pp. (83 )-89.〕〔Oliver E. Williamson, ed., 1990. ''Industrial Organization'', Edward Elgar. (Description ) and article (list. ) 23 articles, dating from 1937 to 1987.〕 Assessments of the subject have differed over time. The preface to a related research volume in 1972 remarked on ''Whither industrial organization?'': "That all is not well with this in this once flourishing field is readily apparent."〔Victor R. Fuchs, ed., 1972. ("Preface" ) (scrollable down), ''Policy Issues and Research Opportunities in Industrial Organization'', NBER, p. xv.〕 A response came 15 years later: "()oday's verdict is that industrial organization is alive and well and the queen of applied microeconomics."〔Oliver E. Williamson, 1987. "Delimiting Antitrust", ''Georgetown University Law Review'', December 76, p. 303. Reprinted in Williamson (1996), ''The Mechanisms of Governance'', p. (306 (snippet). )〕 ==Subareas== The Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) classification codes are one way of representing the range of economics subjects and subareas. There, Industrial Organization, one of 20 primary categories, has 9 secondary categories, each with multiple tertiary categories.〔A complete list of the JEL Industrial Organization codes is at JEL classification codes#Industrial organization JEL: L Subcategories.〕 The secondary categories are listed below with corresponding available article-preview links of The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online and footnotes to their respective JEL-tertiary categories and associated New-Palgrave links. :(JEL: L1 ) – Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance〔(JEL: L10 ) – General (JEL: L11 ) – Production, Pricing, and Market structure; Size Distribution of Firms (JEL: L12 ) – Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies (JEL: L13 ) – Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets (JEL: L14 ) – Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks (JEL: L15 ) – Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility JEL: L16 – Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices (JEL: L17 ) - Open Source Products and Markets〕 :(JEL: L2 ) – Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior〔(JEL: L20 ) – General (JEL: L21 ) – Business Objectives of the Firm (JEL: L22 ) – Firm Organization and Market Structure JEL: L23 – Organization of Production (JEL: L24 ) – Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology licensing JEL: L25 – Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope JEL: L26 – Entrepreneurship〕 :(JEL:L3 ) – Non-profit organizations and Public enterprise〔(JEL: L31 ) – Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs JEL: L32 – Public enterprises; Public-Private Enterprises JEL: L33 – Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting out〕 :(JEL: L4 ) – Antitrust Issues and Policies〔(JEL: L40 ) – General JEL: L41 – Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices JEL: L42 – Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts JEL: L43 – Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation JEL: L44 – Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations〕 :(JEL: L5 ) – Regulation and Industrial policy〔JEL: L51 – Economics of Regulation JEL: L52 – Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods JEL: L53] – Enterprise Policy〕 :(JEL: L6 ) – Industry Studies: Manufacturing〔JEL: L61 – Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics JEL: L62 – Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment (JEL: L63 ) – Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment JEL: L64 – Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments (JEL: L65 ) – Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology (JEL: L66 ) – Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits JEL: L67 – Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather JEL: L68 – Appliances; Other Consumer Durables〕 :JEL: L7 – Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction〔JEL: L71 – Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels JEL: L72 – Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources JEL: L73 – Forest Products JEL: L74 – Construction JEL: L78 – Government Policy〕 :(JEL: L8 ) – Industry Studies: Services〔(JEL: L80 ) – General JEL: L81 – Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce JEL: L82 – Entertainment; Media (Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Broadcasting, Publishing, etc.) JEL: L83 – Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism JEL: L84 – Personal, Professional, and Business Services JEL: L85 – Real Estate Services JEL: L86 – Information and Internet Services; Computer Software JEL: L87 – Postal and Delivery Services JEL: L88 – Government Policy〕 :(JEL: L9 ) – Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities〔JEL: L91 – Transportation: General JEL: L92 – Railroads and Other Surface Transportation JEL: L93 – Air transportation JEL: L94 – Electric utilities JEL: L95 – Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities |JEL: L96 – Telecommunications JEL: L97 – Utilities: General JEL: L98 – Government Policy〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Industrial organization」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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